Essay on the Impact of Employee Involvement in Workplace

Essay on the Impact of Employee Involvement in Workplace Introduction One of the main management challenges involves implementation of effective strategies of through which the workplace performance can be enhanced. Due to the continued effort by organizations to ensure that the employees make a significant impact in the workplace, human resource management studies have increasingly emphasized on the approaches such as reward management, team empowerment, job satisfaction, strategic planning, and participative management. In this essay, a comprehensive evaluation is carried out with an aim of determining whether the employee involvement and participation has a significant impact in the workplace. The arguments developed in this article are based on the understanding that the modern trend of incorporating the employees in the decision making is reasonable and undisputable in every organizational setting (Gospel Pendleton 2010). Many organizations are still ravaging in the stressing conditions whereby the departments of human resource management have to prove their increasing value through performance in these organizations. However, these leaders continue to battle in the effort to justify that their existence in the organization is fertile. William et al. (2011) argue that maybe one of the reasons for the straining routine in the management activities by these human resource managers has been based on the fact that they have failed to express their performance in the economic terms. However, it is hard to deny the fact that through a study of the best approaches in employee involvement, the organization can be able to induce a significant impact to its improvement and progress as this article proves Discussion In many instances, managers clinging to the participation human relation hypothesis are convinced that the simple involvement is just for the sake of involvement. Their main argument is attached to the perception that as long as there is a feeling of participation by the subordinates coupled with being consulted, there will be a satisfaction of their egoistic needs. In addition, the managers are drawn to the assumption that this trend will also eventually result in cooperation of these employees (Lashley 2001). Employee involvement and job satisfaction are some of the issues that have continuously received persistent attention from organizational and industrial psychologists, sociologists, and management scientists. By the time that the initial study was undertaken by Locke in 1976, there were numerous studies that had already been carried out on the relationship between the employee participation and the overall impact to the organizational success (Anne et al. 2008). Employee participation According to Anne et al., (2008), employee involvement or participation is perceived to be the process that results in sharing of the influence between the management and subordinates that are otherwise not equal in the organizational hierarchy. Through participatory management, the manager’s involvement is balanced with those of subordinates when it comes to processing of the information and the endeavors of making critical decisions. The initial study of the employee participation and its impact on the workplace success can be traced back to the French and Coch in the year 1945 (Anne et al. 2008). In their study, these authors initiated a rationale of efficiency and productivity. This rationale was developed with the assumption of existence of a strong connection between the employee participation in the decision making and the outcome in the workplace. These outcomes were detailed to include increased productivity and job satisfaction. Cindy and Roberts (2011) support this argument by explaining that through the decision making participation, the job performance is improved as well as the motivation to the employees. This perception on the employee involvement has however been ignored until the recent past that has been characterized with the emergence of major works on employee involvement. These major works have as a result significantly impacted the academic and most importantly; the business environments. In a different but similar approach to the participatory management, Taylor (2005) has focused on the evaluation of the approach and how it affects the outcomes in the organization such as the work outcomes and the organization’s performance. The impacts have been cited by Murray et al. (2002) to include job satisfaction, product quality, and productivity, together with the development of advanced and superior relationships with the employees (Murray et al. 2002; Dickens and Niel 2006). Ackers et al. (2006) add that the best way to enhance an improvement in the productivity would be through the striving for the managers and employees shared goals. By ensuring that the workers are incorporated in the effort develop the mission of the organization together with development of the procedure and policies, there is a high likelihood of the workers improving on the communication coupled with increasing the satisfaction and morale. Job satisfaction has been emphasized as an approach that is in line with employee participation research. In the previous studies, the employee participation has been portrayed to have a positive relationship with the productivity, satisfaction, and performance Daniels (2006). Anne et al. (2008) on the other side perceives the profit distribution to effectively be enhanced when combined with the participation of the employee in the process of management. In the study on the new workplace evolution, Brown et al. (2009) observes that high involvement of the employees in the workplace ensures a high likelihood of developing the positive attitudes and beliefs connected to the employee involvement. Brown et al. (2009) adds that these practices are renowned for generating the category of decretory behavior through which the increased performance is enhanced. In the simple terms, the employee conception, designing, and implementation of the workplace processes should be drawn towards the employee involvedness. Brown and colleagues hence argue the critical importance of the employee involvement in the contemporary business world. For instance, Gallop organization embarked on the engagement study in the business units of 35 organizations. As the result, it observed a positive association between the employee involvement and performance in various sections that included the productivity, profitability, and satisfaction to the customers. The em ployee involvement breadth was observed to be substantial based on the fact that more than half of the organizations units had a score that was above median when it came to the performance (Konrad 2006). According to Konrad (2006), the employee involvement is observed to incorporate three interconnected components: the emotional, cognitive and the behavioral aspect. The cognitive dimension of the employee involvement is observed to mainly entail the employee perception and belief on the organization, the organizational and working conditions. The emotional component is mainly drawn towards addressing the issue on the feelings of the employees towards the three factors coupled with evaluation of whether their attitudes towards the leaders and organizations are positive or negative. The employee involvement behavioral aspect is mainly perceived to be drawn towards understanding the value added aspect for the organization. This aspect is mainly perceived to incorporate the flexible effort that the employees employ to their work in the form of the brainpower, extra time and the energy allocated towards the firm and the task. The impact of job satisfaction in the workplace According to Veersma and Swinkels (2005), job satisfaction is perceived to be a positive or pleasurable state that results from the job or experience. Alternatively, Cindy and Robert (2011) perceive job satisfaction as the difference between what is valued by the employees and what is provided by the situation. Cindy and Robert’s (2011) perception is based on the understanding of job satisfaction as a feelings to a certain situation facets. As Veersma and Swinkels (2005) observe, these explanations unfolds the understanding of the job satisfaction as the efficient orientation of the employee towards the duties that are occupied in the workplace. Historically, the employee involvement and job satisfaction have mainly focused on the significance of coordinating the human relationship in the workplace in the effort to ensure that productivity is enhanced coupled with human capital development. Emphasizing on the importance of human motivation and its effect on the productivity an d satisfaction in the workplace, Veersma and colleague most importantly praise employee participation as the approach through which influence can be shared among the individuals that would otherwise be perceived as unequal hierarchically (Veersma and Swinkels 2005). In their article on employee empowerment law, Lewis and colleagues (2011) uphold the importance of employee satisfaction in the workplace. However, they are highly concerned by the lack of enough practices to prioritize on the job satisfaction. This is mainly due to the fact that they have hardly been able to understand the important opening ahead. As a result of the employees being satisfied, there impact will be realized through increased productivity, creativity, and commitment to the employers. The high employee participation in the workplace Various studies have targeted development of the numerous management practices through which the high employee involvement and performance in the workplace is enhanced. For instance, William et al (2011) explains that selection of the right management practices range from selection of the appropriate employees for the specific roles, embarking on the appropriate skills and training development, embarking on the organizations that are team-based, payment on the incentive basis, and job security. In every generalized category, there are various particular practices that are developed. For instance, the payment on the basis on the incentive can be in the form of programs on gain-sharing, contingent-performance payment to the employees or even employee ownership. The development of the training program can target the existing and future skills development, interpersonal and technical skills, experienced employees, and fresh hires. These choices enhance the development of high employee pa rticipation in a coherent set that is steady across the organization coupled with reinforcement which is perceived to be a management major challenge. In the effort to clearly unfold the understanding of the employee involvement, Konrad (2006) has identified the interconnected principles that ensure the effectiveness in the workplace. These principles are inclusive of information, power, rewards, and knowledge (Cohen, 2006). Cohen (2006) starts by explaining the power as the employees’ entitlement and ability to make the critical decisions in relation to the performance and their working lives quality. With the power, the employees are capable of working under little level of influence. Therefore, to maximize on the employee participation, this power has to be pushed down to the employees that are capable of carrying out the critical decisions. Konrad (2006) insists that effectiveness can be enhanced when the forums are created for the employees development and sharing ideas in an approach that enhances improvement of the firm performance. However, this approach has to ensure best ideas are utilized from the employees. For instance, an employee suggestion in a large Midwest US manufacturing plant is described as influential and beneficial to the overall organizational success. This organization has a unionized labor force amounting to more than 1000 workers. Through the power system, the organization was able to generate various resourceful ideas from the employees. These suggestions and recommendations were in return able to save this organization US$8 million within the first four years of employee involvement (Konrad 2006). This implementation was enhanced by the review board that jointly involved the managers and the employees in the assessment of the every suggestions and detailing of recommendations (Konrad 2006). Information is another principle in which enhances evaluation of the business output quality, profitability, revenues together with the customer responses. To the managers, the main challenge involves creation of an information system through which the employees are fed with the timely and relevant data to their specific work processes. Through this data, these employees are hence able to manipulate the personality either through withholding or expending effort. If the managers are able to make the firms operations more transparent, then there is a high likelihood of the effective employees making a contribution to its success. Windbichler (2005) upholds transparency as an important aspect that enhances the development of the connection between employees performance and their actions; a move that enhances the development of the engagement cognitive aspect. Therefore, transparency is perceived to be essential when the employees have to see what they have been doing. Based on the comme nts generated by Ricardo Semler; a CEO in charge of a 900-employee organization in the Brazil, high employee involvement matters a lot in any organization. The information from the employees is thus able to generate frequent, frank, and brief reports on the progress of the firm. Knowledge is another principle of employee involvement that is perceived to enhance decision making by the employees. Through improvement of the employees’ knowledge, Osteroh and Frey (2006) cite a commitment to the training and growth. For the high involvement approaches, training is perceived to be an important aspect. This is based on the fact that as the employees make significant decisions, they importantly need to have the abilities and skills through which they can be able to make the right decisions. For instance, in the Saturn plant of the General Motors, the employees are approximately exposed to 500 hours of orientation training. In the same organization, an organization wide objective is established detailing the need for each employee to receive approximately 100 hours of additional training on annual basis. On average, the employees in this firm have continuously been exposed to 146 training hours; a trend that dates back to 1991. The reason for heavy reliance on training in this branch has mainly been based on the fact that the designing of the work process is heavily reliant on the use of the skills and knowledge of the employees. The skills and knowledge is utilized in the competitive building of the cars in the United States either through reducing the costs or by raising the organizational productivity as a way through which the differences can be portrayed. The only way through which this difference can be made has been through the mobilization of the knowledge, commitment, and skills in the workforce. In addition, this difference from the competitors has been enhanced through designing of organization and work systems in ways through which the increased productivity and quality can be enhanced. After understanding the principles detailed above, it should importantly be noted that the reward aspect of the employee involvement equation imply ensuring that the employees are rewarded for expending the discretionary effort in enhancing the improved performance of the organization. As a major element of the equation of the employee involvement, the rewards on the performance ensure the employees utilization of information, power, and knowledge in the development of a successful firm. The connection of these principles is perceived to be important when it comes to ensuring that the employee involvement yield positive benefits. For instance, one plant implemented the gain sharing approach to ensure that the employees earned $4.000 bonus over a period of four years for the suggestion that resulted in saving the firm US$10 million. This bonus as a result inspired considerable effort in the employees. According to the suggestions by the managers and supervisors in the plant, many improvements were being implemented with the employee initiating the changes with an aim of reaping the benefits that resulted from the consequent cost savings. In the Semler firm, the employees benefited from the distribution of the after-tax profits (23 percent) that was realized from every division. Based on the fact that the employers make a substantial gain on the business unit performance rewards, extra efforts tends to be employed in learning the multiple tasks and meeting the targets. In addition, these employees are basically eager to see the results of the efforts from the monthly revenue statements. On the other side, the base compensation in Saturn is tied to between 90 and 96 percent of the average in the industry. The difference can be made up by the employees through achievement of a target approximated at 90 training hours annually for every employee. In addition, the achievement of the negotiated targets for cost, quality, schedule, volume, and profitability qualifies the workers to receiving the bonuses. By the year 2005, these bonuses were approximated at $2,000 on annual basis for every employee (Konrad 2006). Conclusion This article has detailed the importance of the high employee involvement to ensure impact is enhanced in their workplace. Through training, the skills and knowledge are built in these employees to be implemented in the effective decision making process in the firm. By having a comprehensive knowledge of the effect of their actions on the business performance and rewarding of the employees contribution to the firm performance, the result is a win-win scenario for the management and employees. This is based on the perception that as these employees continually enjoy working in highly involving working environment, the managers on the other side continue to reap the benefits. From this essay, it is openly observed that the high employee participation system will require collaboration between the employees and management with an aim of virtually remaking the whole organization.

The Hidden Truth About Research Paper Writing Exposed by an Expert

The Hidden Truth About Research Paper Writing Exposed by an Expert After initial teaching, you can realize that you must pull tiny groups for additional practice and maybe even conference with students one-on-one after you look at the notes they're taking. You have students who only copy everything from the text or you have others who have zero clue where to get started. Whatever method or template you select for helping your students learn how to take notes, be certain to model it repeatedly before the class demonstrating for them how to compose the notes since they read about a topic. Some students will always find it challenging to get ideas about how to compose a proposal for research. Before you start your research paper writing, you should pick a topic and find information on the topics connected with your topic. As it's expected of professionals, we're always conscious of every problem. You have to select a topic that interests you. 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Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(33) " of glycerin with iminodiacetic\." In oleochemical industry, glycerin ( 1,2,3-propanetriol ) is ever produced as a byproduct in the fabrication of acids, soaps, methyl esters, intoxicants or nitrogen-containing derived functions. It can besides be made from propene via epichlorohydrin ( 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane ) . However, the petrochemical supply path is less of import due to the increasing supply of glycerin from oleochemical industry, the high monetary value of propylene and the demand for epichlorohydrin for other intents ( Gunstone A ; Henning, 2004 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Figure 1.1 Glycerol Glycerol possesses a alone combination of physical and chemical belongingss which are utilized in many commercial merchandises. It is hygroscopic, colourless, odorless, syrupy, sweet-tasting, low boiling point, non-toxic, demulcent, a good dissolver, and H2O soluble. Besides, it is easy biodegradable ( Gunstone A ; Henning, 2004 ) . Furthermore, it is really stable under normal storage conditions, compatible with many other chemical stuffs, non-irritating in its assorted utilizations, and does non hold negative effects on the environment ( Pagliaro A ; Rossi, 2008 ) . The glycerin market is presently undergoing extremist alterations, driven by really big supplies of glycerin originating from biodiesel production. The attempt to cut down the dependance on foreign oil has increased the production of biodiesel and glycerin is the major co-product from the transesterification procedure used to bring forth biodiesel. Hence, there is a demand to happen new utilizations for glycerin. Polymerization is one of the methods which big sum of glycerin can be used ( Wyatt et al. , 2006 ) . There two types of polymerisations. First, soluble merchandises are obtained irrespective of the extent to which the reaction is carried toward completion. The merchandises formed are chiefly additive polymers. The 2nd type of polymerisation is those that lead to gelled or indissoluble merchandises, provided that the reaction is carried far plenty. The reactants are capable of bring forthing big three dimensional molecules ( Flory, 1941 ) . Harmonizing to Flory ( 1941 ) , gelation occurs merely when there is the possibility of limitless growing in three dimensions. It is a important feature of polymerising systems to hold a aggressively defined gel point at a certain critical extent of reaction which is independent of temperature, sum of accelerator and so on. Through polymerisation of glycerin, the pre-polymers synthesized could be farther reacted to bring forth longer ironss of hyperbranched polymers. Hyperbranched polymers belong to the household of supermolecules known as dendrimers. Dendrimers are extremely branched monodispersed molecules produced by multistep syntheses. Preparation of dendrimers requires a high grade of pureness of the get downing stuff and high outputs of the single man-made measure. On the other manus, hyperbranched polymers are indiscriminately branched molecules prepared by a simple one-step reaction ( Wyatt et al. , 2006 ) via polyaddition, polycondensation, extremist polymerization, and so forth, of an ABn monomer ( Vogtle et al. , 2009 ) . Due to their alone combination of low viscousness, first-class solubility, and facile synthesis, hyperbranched polymers have received important attending ( Lin, Q A ; Long, T.E. , 2003 ) . Chemical reaction of the functional A groups with the functional B ( matching ) groups of a 2nd monomer molecule gives rise to randomly branched molecule. Since the C groups are present in surplus ( n a†°? 2 ) , crosslinking are avoided from the beginning. Chemical reaction can be brought to a standstill by addtion of stopper constituents. Since the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers does non affect matching to core molecule, but merely ABn monomers react with one another. Both bifurcate molecules and additive sequences possibly formed ( Vogtle et al. , 2009 ) . Hyperbranched polymers produced from diacids ( A2 ) and glycerin ( B3 ) are an illustration of the AB2 system. AB2 monomers are non readily available and kinetic computations show that the first condensation reaction, which produces an AB2 species, is faster than the subsequent polymer extension. Therefore, the balance of the reaction progresses as polycondensation between AB2-type species prior to the gel point. Several methods have been used to avoid gelation in A2+B3 systems, including executing the reactions in dilute solutions or responding them in the absence of dissolvers while monitoring. This glycerol-based polymer is expected to demo similar belongingss and features as polyalkylene ethanediol ( PAG ) . A polyalkylene ethanediol holding the general expression: HO- [ R-O- ] n H in which N has a value of at least 2 and R is an alkylene extremist containing at least 10 C atoms. PAG liquid are used as man-made lubricators in many diverse applications. Therefore, glycerol-based polymers could besides hold the possible to be use every bit high public presentation lubricator, coolant or as a lubricant additive ( such as viscousness qualifier ) . Materials with polymeric constructions can be used in lubricator to heighten its belongingss, such as viscousness, pour point and so on. It can be used as get downing stuff for certain types of additives. These polymeric additives can be viscosity modifier, pour point sedatives, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, and foam inhibitor in lubricators ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . Oils can be effectual lubricators at low temperature. However, at higher temperature, they become less effectual. To get the better of this job, viscousness qualifiers are utile in minimising viscousness fluctuations with temperature. Viscosity qualifier is a polymer with mean molecular weights of 10000 to 150000. At all temperatures, viscousness qualifier is able to increase oil ‘s viscousness. The thickener of oil at lower temperature is less than that at higher temperature. At low temperatures, the polymer molecules busying a little volume have a minimal association with the majority oil. The state of affairs is reversed at high temperatures as the polymer ironss expand due to the increased thermic energy. Besides, at higher temperatures, polymers are more soluble and hence do the viscousness to increase ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . There are two types of viscousness qualifiers available commercially: olefin-based polymers and ester polymers. Polyisobutylenes ( PIBs ) , olefin copolymers ( OCPs ) , and hydrogenated styrene-diene ( STDs ) polymers. Ester polymers include polymethacrylates ( PMAs ) and styrene ester polymers ( SEs ) ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . Literature Review In a research done by Wyatt and his colleagues ( 2006 ) , fresh oligomeric prepolymers were synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of glycerin with iminodiacetic. You read "Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The prepolymers were obtained after purification by chromatography in an mean output of 62 % . The compounds were characterized by utilizing 13C NMR, 1H NMR, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy, and gel pervasion chromatography. It was discovered that additive merchandises bearing cyclic urethane constructions were obtained in the reaction between iminodiacetic acid and glycerin. Qi Lin and Timothy E. Long ( 2003 ) studied the polymerisation of A2 with B3 monomers to bring forth hyperbranched poly ( aryl estrer ) s. A dilute bisphenol A ( A2 ) solution was added easy to a dilute 1,3,5-benzene tricarbonyl trichloride ( B3 ) solution at 25A °C to fix hyperbranched poly ( aryl ester ) s in the absence of gelation. The molar ratio of A2: B3 was maintained at 1:1. The maximal concluding monomer concentration was ~0.08 M. The phenol functionalities were quantitatively consumed during the polycondensation. This was showed in 1H NMR spectrometry and derivitization of terminal groups. Two theoretical account compounds were synthesized to place 1H NMR resonances for additive, dentritic, and terminal units. The concluding grade of ramification was determined to be ~50 % . The hyperbranched polymers exhibited lower glass passage temperatures compared to their parallels. J.F. Stumbe and Bernd Bruchmann ( 2003 ) besides used the A2+B3 attack to fix hyperbranched polyesters with controlled molecular weights and belongingss. The procedure was carried out by responding glycerin and adipic acid without any dissolvers. Tin accelerators was used. The merchandises were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography ( SEC ) analysis and NMR spectrometry to find molecular weights and grades of ramification. A survey was besides carried out on the glycerin esters from reaction of glycerin with dicarboxylic esters. The glycerin esters were synthesized by the base catalyzed reaction of glycerin with aliphatic dicarboxylic acid esters ( such as dimethyl oxalate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate, etc ) . Assorted parametric quantities that may impact the transesterification were studied in order to optimise the output of merchandises. The reactions were carried out by changing the glycerol/ester molar ratios. The optimal ratio was 4:1, whereby the measure of the monoester was 60 % after 8 h. The transition decreased somewhat when the grinder ratio exceeded 4:1. At higher temperatures, the sum of monoester in the reaction mixtures increased and it reached a maximal degree after 6 H when the reaction was carried out at 100 A °C to 120 A °C. It took 8 H at a lower temperature. However, the overall output at the terminal of the reaction was non affected by the temperature. The formation of both monoester and diester were produced in an overall output of 80 % after 15 H of reaction clip ( Cho et al. , 2006 ) . Sunder et. Al. ( 1999 ) carried out a controlled synthesis of hyperbranched polyglycerols by pealing opening multibranching polymerisation. Hyperbranched aliphatic polyethers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution were prepared via anionic polymerisation of glycidol with rapid cation-exchange equilibrium. Glycidol which represents a cyclic AB2 monomer was polymerized in a ring-opening multibranching ( ROMBP ) . The anionic polymerisation was carried out under slow add-on conditions with partly deprotonated ( 10 % ) 1,1,1-tris ( hydroxymethyl ) propane ( TMP ) as the instigator. 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF spectroscopy, vapor force per unit area osmometry ( VPO ) , and GPC were used to qualify molecular weights and polydispersities of the polyols formed. The 13C NMR spectra used to measure the grade of ramification ( DB ) ranged from 0.53-0.59. A complete fond regard of hyperbranched polymers to TMP instigator and the absence of macrocyclics were showed in M ALDI-TOF spectra. There was no macrocyclics or hyperbranched supermolecule obtained, due to decelerate addtion. T.J. Mulkern and N.C. Beck Tan ( 2000 ) studied a series of blends of hyperbranched polyester with high molecular weight polystyrenes. The processability and compatibility in the blends were investigated as a map of volume fraction of hyperbranched polyols ( HBP ) added and responsiveness of the matrix stage. Due to its low viscousness and high responsiveness, HBP polymers are suited for reactive polymer blending. Through processing and rheological surveies, it was found that HBPs are effectual processing AIDSs. A important bead in the blend viscousness occurs instantly on add-on of HBP, even at degrees every bit low as 2 vol. % . In 1934, Herman Bruson discovered a man-made oil additive when he was researching the synthesis and possible applications of longer alkyl side concatenation methacrylates. Bruson ‘s innovation, polymethacrylates ( PMAs ) was found to hold the possible to work as thickening or viscousness index humanitarian for mineral oils. It increases viscousness at higher temperature more than at lower temperatures ( Kinker, B.G. , 2009 ) . The alkly group in the ester part of the polymer can be altered to obtain merchandises with better oil solubility and viscosity-improving belongingss. It besides have good compatibility with a big figure of refined and man-made basestocks. In a survey by Duncan and Turner ( 1997 ) , blends of lubricant basestocks with high viscousness complex intoxicant esters were produced. The blend comprises of a polyhydroxyl compound R ( OH ) N, a polybasic acid and a monohydric intoxicant. The complex intoxicant ester showed a pour point of less than or equal to -20A °C and a viscousness in the scope about 100-700 Central Time at 40A °C. The lubricating oil harmonizing to Duncan and Turner ‘s innovation has first-class prurience as determined by engine public presentation, vane pump trial, Yamaha Tightening Test, and reduced valve lodging. Besides, it has good stableness as evidenced by the consequences of RBOT and Cincinnati Milacron trials. The lubricator has besides unexpected biodegradability as measured by Sturm trial ( Duncan et al. , 1997 ) . Hunt et Al. ( 1993 ) carried out supercritical fluid extraction to analyze liquid poly ( alklene ethanediol ) ( PAG ) lubricators and sorbitan ester preparations. The PAG matrix was adsorbed onto silicon oxide and the selectivity obtained by this method was compared with that obtained by the direct extraction of adsorbed and unadsorbed PAG. Extraction was besides done for unadsorbed PAG through the in-line column and it was successful in dividing additives from all but the lowest molecular mass PAG oligomers. This extraction process enabled fractional process of the merchandise and could be used as a sample readying technique for farther spectroscopic analysis. It is hard to bring forth polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions by traditional methods. Supercritical fluid engineering is applied to get the better of the conventional methods. The solubilty parametric quantity of supercritical fluid can be tailored. Selective extraction and fractional process are possible from multi-component mixtures. The key to doing high quality polymers is to guarantee precise control of molecular weight and polydispersity at high output while maintaining residuary contaminations below acceptable tolerance degrees. Hernandez et. Al. ( 2005 ) tested the turn overing weariness of three polyglycols ( PAG-9, PAG-12 and BREOX-B-135X ) . Polyglycols ( besides called PAG or polyalkylene ethanediols ) are widely used in the lubrication industry. These compounds have really high viscousness indexes, really low pour points, a high thermic conduction with regard to mineral oils, hydrolytic stableness, etc. Rolling fatigue trials were carried out utilizing IP-300 criterion in order to obtain the word picture of the fluids. A four ball trial machine was used and 10 % life ( L10 ) and 50 % life ( L50 ) were obtained. The stress-time curves for L10 and L50 were besides determined. All polyglycols were tested under boundary lubrication government ( I » lt ; 1 ) where in turn overing contacts the surface manner of failures prevails. In oils of the same household, the pressure-viscosity coefficient is comparatively changeless. An addition in viscousness improved the minimal movie thickness with the attendant addition of the I » ratio. Fatigue life is mostly a map of the ratio of lubricating movie thickness to composite surface raggedness ( I » ratio ) . Differences in I » ratio for the three polyglycols resulted in different grimness interactions and turn overing contact weariness lives. With respect to turn overing contact weariness, the pick of viscousness category should avoid grimness interaction, so that the lone manner of failure will be subsurface failure. Although mean force per unit area in the contact was the same, increase in viscousness from PAG-9 to BREOX-B135X improved the I » ratio from 0.18 to 0.34. At less I » lt ; 1, operation is in the boundary lubrication government where turn overing contact fatigue life is short, but an addition of I » ratio cut down the grimness interactions an d hence rolled contact weariness improved. An probe was so carried put by Garcia and colleagues on PC-SAFT volumetric and stage behaviour of C dioxide + PAG or POE lubricant systems. The densenesss of man-made PAG oil was measured from 283.15 K to 333.15 K while the solubilities of CO2 in this oil was measured from 253 K to 333.15 K. Molecular weight of the lubricator was estimated utilizing fast atom barrage ( FAB ) . Molecular weight and experimental densenesss were used to cipher characteristic parametric quantities of PC-SAFT theoretical account for several commercial PAG oils. Movable characteristic parametric quantities were used for POEs. The thermophysical belongingss and phase behavior of CO2-lubricant oil mixtures is of import for the design of infrigidation and air-conditioning. The go arounding fluid comes into contact with the lubricator used in compressors and a part of the oil is transported into the infrigidation circuit with assorted effects in footings of public presentation. If the oil is non-miscible with the refrigerant, the compressor may be damaged due to hapless oil return to the compressor. Oil may roll up inside the heat money changer tubings cut downing heat transportation capablenesss, enthalpy alteration and ensuing in an overall decrease of the infrigidation capacity and rhythm public presentation. In add-on, high solubility of the refrigerant in the lubricator may cut down the viscousness of the oil-rich stage and consequences in lower lubrication belongingss which gives rise to dislocation of the compressor mechanical parts. Hauk A ; Weidner ( 2000 ) studied the thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic belongingss of C dioxide with different lubricators in chilling circuits for car application. The information of the binary mixture were measured at temperatures between 5 and 100 A °C under force per unit area of up to 150 saloon. The stage behaviour was observed qualitatively in a hugh-pressure position cell and was determined in an sterilizer based on a static-analytical method. The viscousness of the lubricator saturated with C dioxide was measured with an integrated vitreous silica viscometer. The pertinence of lubricators in car-climatization systems can be evaluated with the cognition of stage behaviour and the resulting viscousness of gas-saturated lubricantsThe stage behaviour of oils with C dioxide can be divided into three different types which are binary systems with closed miscibility spreads, systems with unfastened miscibility spreads, and systems that show barotropic phenomena. Oils that show barotropic behaviour in contact with tight C dioxide are non recommended as lubricators. Oils with complete or limited miscibility with C dioxide may be used. Firdovsi A ; Yagoub ( 2006 ) investigated the man-made heat bearer oil composings based on polyalklene ethanediols. Thermal stableness, mass loss on vaporization at 250 A °C, 350 A °C and altering the specifications after heating at 300 A °C for 10 Hs were besides studied. The prepared PAGs have been taken as basic constituents for heat bearer oil composings. It was discovered that the specifications of PAGs such as viscousness indices, pour points, acerb figure and brassy points changed dramatically upon heat handling. In order to better the thermic stableness and viscousness indices, anti-oxidant and anti-foaming additives were added to the base stuff to make optimal composings. The obtained heat bearer oils showed comparable improved belongingss in comparing with commercially available heat bearers. Methodology This undertaking will be divided into 2 phases as listed below. Poly ( glycerol-diacid ) polymer will be prepared by utilizing different hydrocarbon concatenation length of diacids ( such as azelaic, succinic and adipic acid ) . The merchandises will be analysed in order to analyze their chemical and physical belongingss. Phase 1: Chemical reactions of glycerin with different hydrocarbon concatenation length of diacid compounds ( e.g. azelaic, succinic or adipic acid ) at different mole ratios, are carried out under N2. The mixtures were charged to a reaction vas equipped with distillment setup. The reaction merchandise is allowed to respond at the coveted temperature and clip. Acid value ( AV ) , hydroxyl value ( OHV ) and glycerin content will be measured to keep the reaction advancement. Optimization of the reaction parametric quantities will be studied by changing different reaction parametric quantities such as type and sum of diacid, reaction clip, temperature and force per unit area. The concluding merchandise will be washed, dried and characterised. Phase 2: The merchandises obtained will be analysed by utilizing both High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC ) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ( GC-MS ) . Other instrumentality such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( FT-IR ) , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( NMR ) and Gel Permeation Chromatography ( GPC ) will besides be utilised to further corroborate their molecular construction. Physical belongingss of the merchandises obtained such as viscousness, solubility, brassy point, fire point, denseness, specific gravitation, biodegradability, and oxidative stableness will be performed. Expected consequence: Polymers ensuing from the copolymerisation of glycerin with diacids of changing C concatenation length, molecular construction, and composing will be obtained. Structures holding more than two free acid functionalities at the end-terminals can happen merely after ramifying. As the clip of reaction returns, the viscousness increases which limits the interaction between the reactants and the turning polymers. The H2O solubilty of the oligomers decreases with increasing concatenation length of the diacid monomers of the diacid monomers used in fixing the oligomers. This glycerin based polymers are expected to possess broad scope of applications such as cosmetics and lubricators. How to cite Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples