Accounting Theory and Contemporary Issues TFV

Question: Examine about the Accounting Theory and Contemporary Issues TFV. Answer: Presentation Starting late, the possibility of TFV has become the most significant bookkeeping measures in the field of accounting. In addition, the possibility of TFV has transformed into a bit of English law and furthermore remains simple importance in IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) and GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). It is essential to accounting just as examining practices of the organizations. The TFV thought expect an important part to ensure that an affiliation is thinking about the TFV idea to oversee its cash related conditions just as working results appropriately. Furthermore, the possibility of TFV has need of essential truth to inspect budget reports and reports of the business firms in an exact way. It is an aftereffect of the money related enunciations of the business firms depends on upon the decisions and estimations; and these estimations can't put total truth about the occasions of the organizations. It isn't something that selective gives an alternate extra to accounting rules. In any case, it is somewhat that gives affirmation, estimation, and introduction for unequivocal pieces of financial specifying and assessing. Likewise, this investigation paper would be helpful to lead composing overview on the possibility of TFV. It will delineate the history and credible inspiration driving the TFV. Additionally, the paper will be important to speak to how much the Australian administrative condition for money related revealing supports the TFV idea. Outline Nowadays, the possibility of TFV (True and Fair View) is estimated as the most conspicuous principle in the scope of bookkeeping just as money. As of now in time, business ventures emphasis on the possibility of TFV to set up their monetary reports just as yearly reports in an exact manner. What's more, the possibility of TFV expect a critical part to build up that the cash related enunciations and reports of business affiliations are liberated from material blunders. Finally, the TFV thought is key to give exact and exhaustive information about the monetary conditions of the business associations. This investigation report is coordinated to accumulate data just as information that are related to the possibility of TFV in a sufficient and an increasingly careful way. History Historical Purpose of the TFV Concept As showed by the writers, Nobes Parker (1991), the articulation genuine reasonable is a bookkeeping standard that is broadly used by business firms as a piece of the region of accounting and reserve. It is important to communicate the key models of financial uncovering and to legitimize the cash related decisions in a strong and a basic way. Furthermore, the term is used as a piece of the bearings and rules of inspecting and budgetary models to the association law acts. Then again, the creators Vladu, Matis, Salas (2012) express that, the start of the TFV idea is the eventual outcome of the constitution. In front of plan for the nineteenth century, by thinking about the game plan of establishment and constitutive files, business affiliation had put their conclusions and proposition about the genuine reasonable view. They needed that the TFV thought must be remembered for the associations' establishment of 1844 and 1856 to do exact valuation of benefits of the business substances (Nob es Parker, 1991). Furthermore, in the perspectives on Chambers Wolnizer (1991), the significance of the TFV has never been explained by rule. The TFV thought has transformed into an important subject of contention for everyone. However, in genuine, the reality of the situation is that, the event of the 'TFV idea' is totally related to the budgetary explanations of the business organizations. what's more, as per the UK business entities act 1844, the head of the business firma are fit to design balanced book related to the cash related trades and clarifications; and they are constrained to make a veritable and sensible resource report to oust money related errors for the improvement of the affiliations (Chambers Wolnizer, 1991). Alongside this, Karan (2002) express that, the UK business entities act 1856 cleared such sorts of plans and gave new courses of action to keep up straightforwardness into the budgetary enunciations of the associations. As showed by this new exhibition, the administrators of the associations are obliged to consider the standard of twofold passage to make certifiable and sensible records related to the associations. Moreover, the evaluators will without a doubt demand that the advantage reports of the associations are sensible to fulfill the cash related duties of the business affiliations genuinely (Karan, 2002). Aside from this, the creators Salihin, Fatima Ousama (2015) express that, the thought TFV originated from the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 and 1856. These exhibits can be seen particularly material to the TFV idea at that day and age. Likewise, a TFV see is considered as one of the base norms of cash related accounting that is especially useful with a particular ultimate objective to design financial information and budgetary explanations of organizations. In addition, as articulated in budgetary accounting, the TFV thought relies upon the four central thoughts of accounting, for instance, going concern, faithful quality, assortments, and watchfulness. Without these four key principles of accounting, business affiliations may stand up to difficulties to set up their cash related decrees and balance their budgetary execution with various elements (Livne McNichols, 2009). What's more, by thinking about these gauges, the TFV idea give real bearings and rules to business affiliations; so they can prepare fiscal decrees; and see cash related execution just as improvement of the associations. Thusly, plainly, the term TFV is begun from the Companies demonstration 1844 and 1856. The reason for the idea is to improve the budgetary consistency of the business associations. Moreover, as per Stacy (1997), the authentic reason for the TFV thought was to choose the correct valuation of the advantages and to keep up honesty inside the bookkeeping budget summaries of the business affiliation. However, the purpose behind the TFV idea isn't limited just to valuation of effects. It is more than picked. For example, the other genuine inspiration driving the TFV thought is to ensure that the records of the business firms can give a certified and sensible picture about the cash related trades and clarifications of the associations. The TFV thought is intended to offer additional disclosures at what time obedience with accounting standards are deficient to delineate a TFV idea suitably (Nobes Parker, 1991). Then again, in the viewpoints of Alexander Jermakowicz (2006), the TFV idea is a confident point that is required to prepare cash related announcements successfully inside the timespan. It explains the necessary standards of budgetary uncovering and supports cash related decisions of the undertakings. Furthermore, the TFV is a genuine thought because of it is related to the UK business entities act 1856 and Companies act 1844 1856 (Arden, 1997). The fiscal clarifications and book of business firms portrays the TFV idea when the business firms records all the budgetary trades definite in their record books. They are obliged to watch that they have been taken after all the necessary game plan of Companies act and related laws to prepare cash related clarifications truly (Alexander Jermakowicz, 2006). The TFV thought is used by monetary specialists and inspectors to find that the budgetary enunciations of the associations are seeming a certified and sensible viewpoint of the cash related circumstance of the associations. Subsequently, one may state that, the TFV is a genuine term that is required to keep up the consistency and straightforwardness inside the cash related trades and decrees of the business organizations. The Australian Regulatory Environment for Financial Reporting Supports the TFV Starting late, the TFV idea is acquiring acknowledgment all through the world. Most by far of the nations have used the possibility of TFV to play out their budgetary responsibilities and mastermind cash related enunciations in a definite manner. Additionally, as demonstrated by Karan (2002), the Australian administrative authority is giving finished help to the TFV idea. In Australia, the TFV idea has been in the sanctioning of associations from the hour of the Victorian Companies Act 1890 (Kilgore, Leahy Mitchell, 1999). Alongside this, as announced in the announcements of bookkeeping ideas, for example, SAC 1, SAC 2, and so on a large portion of the announcements identified with valid and reasonable view guideline center around its suggestion rather than its definition or hypothetical delimitation. In addition, IFRS and IASB assume a significant job in the viable usage of the TFV in business association (Vladu, Matis Salas, 2012). Furthermore, as communicated in the ASC (Australian Securities Commission), the TFV is a focal bit of the Australian budgetary detailing just as examining. In Australia, as declared in s. 297 of Corporations Act, the business associations are required to advance veritable and sensible budgetary articulations and fiscal notes in a reasonable manner. Also, it is veritable that there is anything but a specific significance of the TFV (Clarke, Dean Egan, 2014). Be that as it may, as demonstrated by the TFV idea, the Australian firms are obliged to give a genuine reasonable vie w about the cash related situations just as budgetary executions of the business ventures. Alongside this, as indicated by Vyas, Ambadkar Bhargava?, (2015), the TFV idea that is started from the Joint Stock Companies Act of 1844 bound the associations to design

Reasons to Attend to University of the Arts in London Essay

Motivations to Attend to University of the Arts in London - Essay Example This establishment (UAL) isn't just one of the most grounded school for workmanship in UK yet in addition the life in the country particularly in London and it is a perfect corresponding to education.â truth be told, London is considered as one of the most innovative capitals in the whole world. The capital is eminent for its presentation spaces that are of aesthetic runs, exhibitions, historical centers, tourist spots of global gauges, just as rich history (UAL Para 1). The area is close to flawless to be considered as a world class learning condition. I figure it will help me in the advancement of my craft abilities. Moreover, I feel settled in my decision obviously, just as, the establishment since it is clear that the organization has altogether helped its understudies in accomplishing their fantasies. Additionally, there are wide scopes of chances for improvement through their projects (UAL Para 2). I trust examining this course can develop myself and in my future profession. Obviously, this learning organization has the biggest system for imagination in the globe. For a moment, the Alumni Association adds up to roughly 200,000 graduated class comprehensive of its previous staff in around 148 nations. In addition, they are additionally cooperated and subsidiary with organizations everywhere throughout the world. Thusly, it empowers the foundation and its partners to share its enthusiasm for expressions (UAL Para 3). I have not yet truly realized what I am deciding to do later on however I am sure beyond a shadow of a doubt that I like plan and engineering. Be that as it may, my decision for agreeing to structure and design is driven by a few components. The discernment out there is that engineering is seen as a way of life and not a vocation other than people having regard for planners. Engineers are seen to be dependable and moral since they regularly try to settle on educated choice regardless of whether it is to their drawback. In addition, the assign ments engaged with engineering have been continually developing with time (Henderson 19).â Interestingly, the vocation is likewise portrayed by life span since individual have the influence of rehearsing the calling for whatever length of time that they want. What's more, a vocation in this field empowers people to decidedly affect on the lives of people. This is on the grounds that it will in general be remunerating when an individual has the influence of building up a relationship with the customer. In the event that I articulate that I have a specific plan that influences me, at that point it will be an innocent embellishment. Truth be told, I don't know about any building structure that impacts me. Be that as it may, there are two kind of designer plan I have built up a preference for. They are green structure and postmodernism. Green structure (or green development) is alluded to the structure and the use of procedures that are asset proficient as well as naturally mindful in the whole way of life of a structure. It incorporates adjusting the development of a structure and guaranteeing that the procedures are naturally economical (Henderson 23). Then again, postmodernism design is a kind of engineering that started in the mid twentieth century however got during the 70s and has kept on affecting engineering to the current day (Jencks 55).

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 20th, 2019

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 20th, 2019 Sponsored by our giveaway of $100 to Amazon in support of Swords and Spaceships, our sci-fi/fantasy newsletter! These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Sunshine by Robin McKinley for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Wild Seed (The Patternist Series Book 1) by Octavia E. Butler for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Dinner in an Instant: 75 Modern Recipes for Your Pressure Cooker, Multicooker, and Instant Pot ® by Melissa Clark for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier Clay by Michael Chabon for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. 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Essay on the Impact of Employee Involvement in Workplace

Essay on the Impact of Employee Involvement in Workplace Introduction One of the main management challenges involves implementation of effective strategies of through which the workplace performance can be enhanced. Due to the continued effort by organizations to ensure that the employees make a significant impact in the workplace, human resource management studies have increasingly emphasized on the approaches such as reward management, team empowerment, job satisfaction, strategic planning, and participative management. In this essay, a comprehensive evaluation is carried out with an aim of determining whether the employee involvement and participation has a significant impact in the workplace. The arguments developed in this article are based on the understanding that the modern trend of incorporating the employees in the decision making is reasonable and undisputable in every organizational setting (Gospel Pendleton 2010). Many organizations are still ravaging in the stressing conditions whereby the departments of human resource management have to prove their increasing value through performance in these organizations. However, these leaders continue to battle in the effort to justify that their existence in the organization is fertile. William et al. (2011) argue that maybe one of the reasons for the straining routine in the management activities by these human resource managers has been based on the fact that they have failed to express their performance in the economic terms. However, it is hard to deny the fact that through a study of the best approaches in employee involvement, the organization can be able to induce a significant impact to its improvement and progress as this article proves Discussion In many instances, managers clinging to the participation human relation hypothesis are convinced that the simple involvement is just for the sake of involvement. Their main argument is attached to the perception that as long as there is a feeling of participation by the subordinates coupled with being consulted, there will be a satisfaction of their egoistic needs. In addition, the managers are drawn to the assumption that this trend will also eventually result in cooperation of these employees (Lashley 2001). Employee involvement and job satisfaction are some of the issues that have continuously received persistent attention from organizational and industrial psychologists, sociologists, and management scientists. By the time that the initial study was undertaken by Locke in 1976, there were numerous studies that had already been carried out on the relationship between the employee participation and the overall impact to the organizational success (Anne et al. 2008). Employee participation According to Anne et al., (2008), employee involvement or participation is perceived to be the process that results in sharing of the influence between the management and subordinates that are otherwise not equal in the organizational hierarchy. Through participatory management, the manager’s involvement is balanced with those of subordinates when it comes to processing of the information and the endeavors of making critical decisions. The initial study of the employee participation and its impact on the workplace success can be traced back to the French and Coch in the year 1945 (Anne et al. 2008). In their study, these authors initiated a rationale of efficiency and productivity. This rationale was developed with the assumption of existence of a strong connection between the employee participation in the decision making and the outcome in the workplace. These outcomes were detailed to include increased productivity and job satisfaction. Cindy and Roberts (2011) support this argument by explaining that through the decision making participation, the job performance is improved as well as the motivation to the employees. This perception on the employee involvement has however been ignored until the recent past that has been characterized with the emergence of major works on employee involvement. These major works have as a result significantly impacted the academic and most importantly; the business environments. In a different but similar approach to the participatory management, Taylor (2005) has focused on the evaluation of the approach and how it affects the outcomes in the organization such as the work outcomes and the organization’s performance. The impacts have been cited by Murray et al. (2002) to include job satisfaction, product quality, and productivity, together with the development of advanced and superior relationships with the employees (Murray et al. 2002; Dickens and Niel 2006). Ackers et al. (2006) add that the best way to enhance an improvement in the productivity would be through the striving for the managers and employees shared goals. By ensuring that the workers are incorporated in the effort develop the mission of the organization together with development of the procedure and policies, there is a high likelihood of the workers improving on the communication coupled with increasing the satisfaction and morale. Job satisfaction has been emphasized as an approach that is in line with employee participation research. In the previous studies, the employee participation has been portrayed to have a positive relationship with the productivity, satisfaction, and performance Daniels (2006). Anne et al. (2008) on the other side perceives the profit distribution to effectively be enhanced when combined with the participation of the employee in the process of management. In the study on the new workplace evolution, Brown et al. (2009) observes that high involvement of the employees in the workplace ensures a high likelihood of developing the positive attitudes and beliefs connected to the employee involvement. Brown et al. (2009) adds that these practices are renowned for generating the category of decretory behavior through which the increased performance is enhanced. In the simple terms, the employee conception, designing, and implementation of the workplace processes should be drawn towards the employee involvedness. Brown and colleagues hence argue the critical importance of the employee involvement in the contemporary business world. For instance, Gallop organization embarked on the engagement study in the business units of 35 organizations. As the result, it observed a positive association between the employee involvement and performance in various sections that included the productivity, profitability, and satisfaction to the customers. The em ployee involvement breadth was observed to be substantial based on the fact that more than half of the organizations units had a score that was above median when it came to the performance (Konrad 2006). According to Konrad (2006), the employee involvement is observed to incorporate three interconnected components: the emotional, cognitive and the behavioral aspect. The cognitive dimension of the employee involvement is observed to mainly entail the employee perception and belief on the organization, the organizational and working conditions. The emotional component is mainly drawn towards addressing the issue on the feelings of the employees towards the three factors coupled with evaluation of whether their attitudes towards the leaders and organizations are positive or negative. The employee involvement behavioral aspect is mainly perceived to be drawn towards understanding the value added aspect for the organization. This aspect is mainly perceived to incorporate the flexible effort that the employees employ to their work in the form of the brainpower, extra time and the energy allocated towards the firm and the task. The impact of job satisfaction in the workplace According to Veersma and Swinkels (2005), job satisfaction is perceived to be a positive or pleasurable state that results from the job or experience. Alternatively, Cindy and Robert (2011) perceive job satisfaction as the difference between what is valued by the employees and what is provided by the situation. Cindy and Robert’s (2011) perception is based on the understanding of job satisfaction as a feelings to a certain situation facets. As Veersma and Swinkels (2005) observe, these explanations unfolds the understanding of the job satisfaction as the efficient orientation of the employee towards the duties that are occupied in the workplace. Historically, the employee involvement and job satisfaction have mainly focused on the significance of coordinating the human relationship in the workplace in the effort to ensure that productivity is enhanced coupled with human capital development. Emphasizing on the importance of human motivation and its effect on the productivity an d satisfaction in the workplace, Veersma and colleague most importantly praise employee participation as the approach through which influence can be shared among the individuals that would otherwise be perceived as unequal hierarchically (Veersma and Swinkels 2005). In their article on employee empowerment law, Lewis and colleagues (2011) uphold the importance of employee satisfaction in the workplace. However, they are highly concerned by the lack of enough practices to prioritize on the job satisfaction. This is mainly due to the fact that they have hardly been able to understand the important opening ahead. As a result of the employees being satisfied, there impact will be realized through increased productivity, creativity, and commitment to the employers. The high employee participation in the workplace Various studies have targeted development of the numerous management practices through which the high employee involvement and performance in the workplace is enhanced. For instance, William et al (2011) explains that selection of the right management practices range from selection of the appropriate employees for the specific roles, embarking on the appropriate skills and training development, embarking on the organizations that are team-based, payment on the incentive basis, and job security. In every generalized category, there are various particular practices that are developed. For instance, the payment on the basis on the incentive can be in the form of programs on gain-sharing, contingent-performance payment to the employees or even employee ownership. The development of the training program can target the existing and future skills development, interpersonal and technical skills, experienced employees, and fresh hires. These choices enhance the development of high employee pa rticipation in a coherent set that is steady across the organization coupled with reinforcement which is perceived to be a management major challenge. In the effort to clearly unfold the understanding of the employee involvement, Konrad (2006) has identified the interconnected principles that ensure the effectiveness in the workplace. These principles are inclusive of information, power, rewards, and knowledge (Cohen, 2006). Cohen (2006) starts by explaining the power as the employees’ entitlement and ability to make the critical decisions in relation to the performance and their working lives quality. With the power, the employees are capable of working under little level of influence. Therefore, to maximize on the employee participation, this power has to be pushed down to the employees that are capable of carrying out the critical decisions. Konrad (2006) insists that effectiveness can be enhanced when the forums are created for the employees development and sharing ideas in an approach that enhances improvement of the firm performance. However, this approach has to ensure best ideas are utilized from the employees. For instance, an employee suggestion in a large Midwest US manufacturing plant is described as influential and beneficial to the overall organizational success. This organization has a unionized labor force amounting to more than 1000 workers. Through the power system, the organization was able to generate various resourceful ideas from the employees. These suggestions and recommendations were in return able to save this organization US$8 million within the first four years of employee involvement (Konrad 2006). This implementation was enhanced by the review board that jointly involved the managers and the employees in the assessment of the every suggestions and detailing of recommendations (Konrad 2006). Information is another principle in which enhances evaluation of the business output quality, profitability, revenues together with the customer responses. To the managers, the main challenge involves creation of an information system through which the employees are fed with the timely and relevant data to their specific work processes. Through this data, these employees are hence able to manipulate the personality either through withholding or expending effort. If the managers are able to make the firms operations more transparent, then there is a high likelihood of the effective employees making a contribution to its success. Windbichler (2005) upholds transparency as an important aspect that enhances the development of the connection between employees performance and their actions; a move that enhances the development of the engagement cognitive aspect. Therefore, transparency is perceived to be essential when the employees have to see what they have been doing. Based on the comme nts generated by Ricardo Semler; a CEO in charge of a 900-employee organization in the Brazil, high employee involvement matters a lot in any organization. The information from the employees is thus able to generate frequent, frank, and brief reports on the progress of the firm. Knowledge is another principle of employee involvement that is perceived to enhance decision making by the employees. Through improvement of the employees’ knowledge, Osteroh and Frey (2006) cite a commitment to the training and growth. For the high involvement approaches, training is perceived to be an important aspect. This is based on the fact that as the employees make significant decisions, they importantly need to have the abilities and skills through which they can be able to make the right decisions. For instance, in the Saturn plant of the General Motors, the employees are approximately exposed to 500 hours of orientation training. In the same organization, an organization wide objective is established detailing the need for each employee to receive approximately 100 hours of additional training on annual basis. On average, the employees in this firm have continuously been exposed to 146 training hours; a trend that dates back to 1991. The reason for heavy reliance on training in this branch has mainly been based on the fact that the designing of the work process is heavily reliant on the use of the skills and knowledge of the employees. The skills and knowledge is utilized in the competitive building of the cars in the United States either through reducing the costs or by raising the organizational productivity as a way through which the differences can be portrayed. The only way through which this difference can be made has been through the mobilization of the knowledge, commitment, and skills in the workforce. In addition, this difference from the competitors has been enhanced through designing of organization and work systems in ways through which the increased productivity and quality can be enhanced. After understanding the principles detailed above, it should importantly be noted that the reward aspect of the employee involvement equation imply ensuring that the employees are rewarded for expending the discretionary effort in enhancing the improved performance of the organization. As a major element of the equation of the employee involvement, the rewards on the performance ensure the employees utilization of information, power, and knowledge in the development of a successful firm. The connection of these principles is perceived to be important when it comes to ensuring that the employee involvement yield positive benefits. For instance, one plant implemented the gain sharing approach to ensure that the employees earned $4.000 bonus over a period of four years for the suggestion that resulted in saving the firm US$10 million. This bonus as a result inspired considerable effort in the employees. According to the suggestions by the managers and supervisors in the plant, many improvements were being implemented with the employee initiating the changes with an aim of reaping the benefits that resulted from the consequent cost savings. In the Semler firm, the employees benefited from the distribution of the after-tax profits (23 percent) that was realized from every division. Based on the fact that the employers make a substantial gain on the business unit performance rewards, extra efforts tends to be employed in learning the multiple tasks and meeting the targets. In addition, these employees are basically eager to see the results of the efforts from the monthly revenue statements. On the other side, the base compensation in Saturn is tied to between 90 and 96 percent of the average in the industry. The difference can be made up by the employees through achievement of a target approximated at 90 training hours annually for every employee. In addition, the achievement of the negotiated targets for cost, quality, schedule, volume, and profitability qualifies the workers to receiving the bonuses. By the year 2005, these bonuses were approximated at $2,000 on annual basis for every employee (Konrad 2006). Conclusion This article has detailed the importance of the high employee involvement to ensure impact is enhanced in their workplace. Through training, the skills and knowledge are built in these employees to be implemented in the effective decision making process in the firm. By having a comprehensive knowledge of the effect of their actions on the business performance and rewarding of the employees contribution to the firm performance, the result is a win-win scenario for the management and employees. This is based on the perception that as these employees continually enjoy working in highly involving working environment, the managers on the other side continue to reap the benefits. From this essay, it is openly observed that the high employee participation system will require collaboration between the employees and management with an aim of virtually remaking the whole organization.

The Hidden Truth About Research Paper Writing Exposed by an Expert

The Hidden Truth About Research Paper Writing Exposed by an Expert After initial teaching, you can realize that you must pull tiny groups for additional practice and maybe even conference with students one-on-one after you look at the notes they're taking. You have students who only copy everything from the text or you have others who have zero clue where to get started. Whatever method or template you select for helping your students learn how to take notes, be certain to model it repeatedly before the class demonstrating for them how to compose the notes since they read about a topic. Some students will always find it challenging to get ideas about how to compose a proposal for research. Before you start your research paper writing, you should pick a topic and find information on the topics connected with your topic. As it's expected of professionals, we're always conscious of every problem. You have to select a topic that interests you. Incidentally, topic is the initial thing that grabs the interest of a reader. Research Paper Writing - What Is It? It is an impossible task to complete dissertation writing in short time, it's time consuming task since it needs to search a good deal. For some of them you will require help, while others it's possible to write by yourself. It is possible to get immediate assistance from our experts at any moment. Should you need expert writing help, don't hesitate to visit EssayPro.com. Second, there are in reality practical life reasons why being in a position to do research paper might be essential for you. In the modern economy that is often called as knowledge economy, a growing number of folks are using research skills in their everyday work. Your's and other peoples' thoughts ought to be organized in a way that makes harmony. Finally, bear in mind that it is not time that should be managed, it's your behaviour and the way you handle your time that you could change and improve. 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Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(33) " of glycerin with iminodiacetic\." In oleochemical industry, glycerin ( 1,2,3-propanetriol ) is ever produced as a byproduct in the fabrication of acids, soaps, methyl esters, intoxicants or nitrogen-containing derived functions. It can besides be made from propene via epichlorohydrin ( 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane ) . However, the petrochemical supply path is less of import due to the increasing supply of glycerin from oleochemical industry, the high monetary value of propylene and the demand for epichlorohydrin for other intents ( Gunstone A ; Henning, 2004 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Figure 1.1 Glycerol Glycerol possesses a alone combination of physical and chemical belongingss which are utilized in many commercial merchandises. It is hygroscopic, colourless, odorless, syrupy, sweet-tasting, low boiling point, non-toxic, demulcent, a good dissolver, and H2O soluble. Besides, it is easy biodegradable ( Gunstone A ; Henning, 2004 ) . Furthermore, it is really stable under normal storage conditions, compatible with many other chemical stuffs, non-irritating in its assorted utilizations, and does non hold negative effects on the environment ( Pagliaro A ; Rossi, 2008 ) . The glycerin market is presently undergoing extremist alterations, driven by really big supplies of glycerin originating from biodiesel production. The attempt to cut down the dependance on foreign oil has increased the production of biodiesel and glycerin is the major co-product from the transesterification procedure used to bring forth biodiesel. Hence, there is a demand to happen new utilizations for glycerin. Polymerization is one of the methods which big sum of glycerin can be used ( Wyatt et al. , 2006 ) . There two types of polymerisations. First, soluble merchandises are obtained irrespective of the extent to which the reaction is carried toward completion. The merchandises formed are chiefly additive polymers. The 2nd type of polymerisation is those that lead to gelled or indissoluble merchandises, provided that the reaction is carried far plenty. The reactants are capable of bring forthing big three dimensional molecules ( Flory, 1941 ) . Harmonizing to Flory ( 1941 ) , gelation occurs merely when there is the possibility of limitless growing in three dimensions. It is a important feature of polymerising systems to hold a aggressively defined gel point at a certain critical extent of reaction which is independent of temperature, sum of accelerator and so on. Through polymerisation of glycerin, the pre-polymers synthesized could be farther reacted to bring forth longer ironss of hyperbranched polymers. Hyperbranched polymers belong to the household of supermolecules known as dendrimers. Dendrimers are extremely branched monodispersed molecules produced by multistep syntheses. Preparation of dendrimers requires a high grade of pureness of the get downing stuff and high outputs of the single man-made measure. On the other manus, hyperbranched polymers are indiscriminately branched molecules prepared by a simple one-step reaction ( Wyatt et al. , 2006 ) via polyaddition, polycondensation, extremist polymerization, and so forth, of an ABn monomer ( Vogtle et al. , 2009 ) . Due to their alone combination of low viscousness, first-class solubility, and facile synthesis, hyperbranched polymers have received important attending ( Lin, Q A ; Long, T.E. , 2003 ) . Chemical reaction of the functional A groups with the functional B ( matching ) groups of a 2nd monomer molecule gives rise to randomly branched molecule. Since the C groups are present in surplus ( n a†°? 2 ) , crosslinking are avoided from the beginning. Chemical reaction can be brought to a standstill by addtion of stopper constituents. Since the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers does non affect matching to core molecule, but merely ABn monomers react with one another. Both bifurcate molecules and additive sequences possibly formed ( Vogtle et al. , 2009 ) . Hyperbranched polymers produced from diacids ( A2 ) and glycerin ( B3 ) are an illustration of the AB2 system. AB2 monomers are non readily available and kinetic computations show that the first condensation reaction, which produces an AB2 species, is faster than the subsequent polymer extension. Therefore, the balance of the reaction progresses as polycondensation between AB2-type species prior to the gel point. Several methods have been used to avoid gelation in A2+B3 systems, including executing the reactions in dilute solutions or responding them in the absence of dissolvers while monitoring. This glycerol-based polymer is expected to demo similar belongingss and features as polyalkylene ethanediol ( PAG ) . A polyalkylene ethanediol holding the general expression: HO- [ R-O- ] n H in which N has a value of at least 2 and R is an alkylene extremist containing at least 10 C atoms. PAG liquid are used as man-made lubricators in many diverse applications. Therefore, glycerol-based polymers could besides hold the possible to be use every bit high public presentation lubricator, coolant or as a lubricant additive ( such as viscousness qualifier ) . Materials with polymeric constructions can be used in lubricator to heighten its belongingss, such as viscousness, pour point and so on. It can be used as get downing stuff for certain types of additives. These polymeric additives can be viscosity modifier, pour point sedatives, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, and foam inhibitor in lubricators ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . Oils can be effectual lubricators at low temperature. However, at higher temperature, they become less effectual. To get the better of this job, viscousness qualifiers are utile in minimising viscousness fluctuations with temperature. Viscosity qualifier is a polymer with mean molecular weights of 10000 to 150000. At all temperatures, viscousness qualifier is able to increase oil ‘s viscousness. The thickener of oil at lower temperature is less than that at higher temperature. At low temperatures, the polymer molecules busying a little volume have a minimal association with the majority oil. The state of affairs is reversed at high temperatures as the polymer ironss expand due to the increased thermic energy. Besides, at higher temperatures, polymers are more soluble and hence do the viscousness to increase ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . There are two types of viscousness qualifiers available commercially: olefin-based polymers and ester polymers. Polyisobutylenes ( PIBs ) , olefin copolymers ( OCPs ) , and hydrogenated styrene-diene ( STDs ) polymers. Ester polymers include polymethacrylates ( PMAs ) and styrene ester polymers ( SEs ) ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . Literature Review In a research done by Wyatt and his colleagues ( 2006 ) , fresh oligomeric prepolymers were synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of glycerin with iminodiacetic. You read "Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The prepolymers were obtained after purification by chromatography in an mean output of 62 % . The compounds were characterized by utilizing 13C NMR, 1H NMR, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy, and gel pervasion chromatography. It was discovered that additive merchandises bearing cyclic urethane constructions were obtained in the reaction between iminodiacetic acid and glycerin. Qi Lin and Timothy E. Long ( 2003 ) studied the polymerisation of A2 with B3 monomers to bring forth hyperbranched poly ( aryl estrer ) s. A dilute bisphenol A ( A2 ) solution was added easy to a dilute 1,3,5-benzene tricarbonyl trichloride ( B3 ) solution at 25A °C to fix hyperbranched poly ( aryl ester ) s in the absence of gelation. The molar ratio of A2: B3 was maintained at 1:1. The maximal concluding monomer concentration was ~0.08 M. The phenol functionalities were quantitatively consumed during the polycondensation. This was showed in 1H NMR spectrometry and derivitization of terminal groups. Two theoretical account compounds were synthesized to place 1H NMR resonances for additive, dentritic, and terminal units. The concluding grade of ramification was determined to be ~50 % . The hyperbranched polymers exhibited lower glass passage temperatures compared to their parallels. J.F. Stumbe and Bernd Bruchmann ( 2003 ) besides used the A2+B3 attack to fix hyperbranched polyesters with controlled molecular weights and belongingss. The procedure was carried out by responding glycerin and adipic acid without any dissolvers. Tin accelerators was used. The merchandises were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography ( SEC ) analysis and NMR spectrometry to find molecular weights and grades of ramification. A survey was besides carried out on the glycerin esters from reaction of glycerin with dicarboxylic esters. The glycerin esters were synthesized by the base catalyzed reaction of glycerin with aliphatic dicarboxylic acid esters ( such as dimethyl oxalate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate, etc ) . Assorted parametric quantities that may impact the transesterification were studied in order to optimise the output of merchandises. The reactions were carried out by changing the glycerol/ester molar ratios. The optimal ratio was 4:1, whereby the measure of the monoester was 60 % after 8 h. The transition decreased somewhat when the grinder ratio exceeded 4:1. At higher temperatures, the sum of monoester in the reaction mixtures increased and it reached a maximal degree after 6 H when the reaction was carried out at 100 A °C to 120 A °C. It took 8 H at a lower temperature. However, the overall output at the terminal of the reaction was non affected by the temperature. The formation of both monoester and diester were produced in an overall output of 80 % after 15 H of reaction clip ( Cho et al. , 2006 ) . Sunder et. Al. ( 1999 ) carried out a controlled synthesis of hyperbranched polyglycerols by pealing opening multibranching polymerisation. Hyperbranched aliphatic polyethers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution were prepared via anionic polymerisation of glycidol with rapid cation-exchange equilibrium. Glycidol which represents a cyclic AB2 monomer was polymerized in a ring-opening multibranching ( ROMBP ) . The anionic polymerisation was carried out under slow add-on conditions with partly deprotonated ( 10 % ) 1,1,1-tris ( hydroxymethyl ) propane ( TMP ) as the instigator. 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF spectroscopy, vapor force per unit area osmometry ( VPO ) , and GPC were used to qualify molecular weights and polydispersities of the polyols formed. The 13C NMR spectra used to measure the grade of ramification ( DB ) ranged from 0.53-0.59. A complete fond regard of hyperbranched polymers to TMP instigator and the absence of macrocyclics were showed in M ALDI-TOF spectra. There was no macrocyclics or hyperbranched supermolecule obtained, due to decelerate addtion. T.J. Mulkern and N.C. Beck Tan ( 2000 ) studied a series of blends of hyperbranched polyester with high molecular weight polystyrenes. The processability and compatibility in the blends were investigated as a map of volume fraction of hyperbranched polyols ( HBP ) added and responsiveness of the matrix stage. Due to its low viscousness and high responsiveness, HBP polymers are suited for reactive polymer blending. Through processing and rheological surveies, it was found that HBPs are effectual processing AIDSs. A important bead in the blend viscousness occurs instantly on add-on of HBP, even at degrees every bit low as 2 vol. % . In 1934, Herman Bruson discovered a man-made oil additive when he was researching the synthesis and possible applications of longer alkyl side concatenation methacrylates. Bruson ‘s innovation, polymethacrylates ( PMAs ) was found to hold the possible to work as thickening or viscousness index humanitarian for mineral oils. It increases viscousness at higher temperature more than at lower temperatures ( Kinker, B.G. , 2009 ) . The alkly group in the ester part of the polymer can be altered to obtain merchandises with better oil solubility and viscosity-improving belongingss. It besides have good compatibility with a big figure of refined and man-made basestocks. In a survey by Duncan and Turner ( 1997 ) , blends of lubricant basestocks with high viscousness complex intoxicant esters were produced. The blend comprises of a polyhydroxyl compound R ( OH ) N, a polybasic acid and a monohydric intoxicant. The complex intoxicant ester showed a pour point of less than or equal to -20A °C and a viscousness in the scope about 100-700 Central Time at 40A °C. The lubricating oil harmonizing to Duncan and Turner ‘s innovation has first-class prurience as determined by engine public presentation, vane pump trial, Yamaha Tightening Test, and reduced valve lodging. Besides, it has good stableness as evidenced by the consequences of RBOT and Cincinnati Milacron trials. The lubricator has besides unexpected biodegradability as measured by Sturm trial ( Duncan et al. , 1997 ) . Hunt et Al. ( 1993 ) carried out supercritical fluid extraction to analyze liquid poly ( alklene ethanediol ) ( PAG ) lubricators and sorbitan ester preparations. The PAG matrix was adsorbed onto silicon oxide and the selectivity obtained by this method was compared with that obtained by the direct extraction of adsorbed and unadsorbed PAG. Extraction was besides done for unadsorbed PAG through the in-line column and it was successful in dividing additives from all but the lowest molecular mass PAG oligomers. This extraction process enabled fractional process of the merchandise and could be used as a sample readying technique for farther spectroscopic analysis. It is hard to bring forth polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions by traditional methods. Supercritical fluid engineering is applied to get the better of the conventional methods. The solubilty parametric quantity of supercritical fluid can be tailored. Selective extraction and fractional process are possible from multi-component mixtures. The key to doing high quality polymers is to guarantee precise control of molecular weight and polydispersity at high output while maintaining residuary contaminations below acceptable tolerance degrees. Hernandez et. Al. ( 2005 ) tested the turn overing weariness of three polyglycols ( PAG-9, PAG-12 and BREOX-B-135X ) . Polyglycols ( besides called PAG or polyalkylene ethanediols ) are widely used in the lubrication industry. These compounds have really high viscousness indexes, really low pour points, a high thermic conduction with regard to mineral oils, hydrolytic stableness, etc. Rolling fatigue trials were carried out utilizing IP-300 criterion in order to obtain the word picture of the fluids. A four ball trial machine was used and 10 % life ( L10 ) and 50 % life ( L50 ) were obtained. The stress-time curves for L10 and L50 were besides determined. All polyglycols were tested under boundary lubrication government ( I » lt ; 1 ) where in turn overing contacts the surface manner of failures prevails. In oils of the same household, the pressure-viscosity coefficient is comparatively changeless. An addition in viscousness improved the minimal movie thickness with the attendant addition of the I » ratio. Fatigue life is mostly a map of the ratio of lubricating movie thickness to composite surface raggedness ( I » ratio ) . Differences in I » ratio for the three polyglycols resulted in different grimness interactions and turn overing contact weariness lives. With respect to turn overing contact weariness, the pick of viscousness category should avoid grimness interaction, so that the lone manner of failure will be subsurface failure. Although mean force per unit area in the contact was the same, increase in viscousness from PAG-9 to BREOX-B135X improved the I » ratio from 0.18 to 0.34. At less I » lt ; 1, operation is in the boundary lubrication government where turn overing contact fatigue life is short, but an addition of I » ratio cut down the grimness interactions an d hence rolled contact weariness improved. An probe was so carried put by Garcia and colleagues on PC-SAFT volumetric and stage behaviour of C dioxide + PAG or POE lubricant systems. The densenesss of man-made PAG oil was measured from 283.15 K to 333.15 K while the solubilities of CO2 in this oil was measured from 253 K to 333.15 K. Molecular weight of the lubricator was estimated utilizing fast atom barrage ( FAB ) . Molecular weight and experimental densenesss were used to cipher characteristic parametric quantities of PC-SAFT theoretical account for several commercial PAG oils. Movable characteristic parametric quantities were used for POEs. The thermophysical belongingss and phase behavior of CO2-lubricant oil mixtures is of import for the design of infrigidation and air-conditioning. The go arounding fluid comes into contact with the lubricator used in compressors and a part of the oil is transported into the infrigidation circuit with assorted effects in footings of public presentation. If the oil is non-miscible with the refrigerant, the compressor may be damaged due to hapless oil return to the compressor. Oil may roll up inside the heat money changer tubings cut downing heat transportation capablenesss, enthalpy alteration and ensuing in an overall decrease of the infrigidation capacity and rhythm public presentation. In add-on, high solubility of the refrigerant in the lubricator may cut down the viscousness of the oil-rich stage and consequences in lower lubrication belongingss which gives rise to dislocation of the compressor mechanical parts. Hauk A ; Weidner ( 2000 ) studied the thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic belongingss of C dioxide with different lubricators in chilling circuits for car application. The information of the binary mixture were measured at temperatures between 5 and 100 A °C under force per unit area of up to 150 saloon. The stage behaviour was observed qualitatively in a hugh-pressure position cell and was determined in an sterilizer based on a static-analytical method. The viscousness of the lubricator saturated with C dioxide was measured with an integrated vitreous silica viscometer. The pertinence of lubricators in car-climatization systems can be evaluated with the cognition of stage behaviour and the resulting viscousness of gas-saturated lubricantsThe stage behaviour of oils with C dioxide can be divided into three different types which are binary systems with closed miscibility spreads, systems with unfastened miscibility spreads, and systems that show barotropic phenomena. Oils that show barotropic behaviour in contact with tight C dioxide are non recommended as lubricators. Oils with complete or limited miscibility with C dioxide may be used. Firdovsi A ; Yagoub ( 2006 ) investigated the man-made heat bearer oil composings based on polyalklene ethanediols. Thermal stableness, mass loss on vaporization at 250 A °C, 350 A °C and altering the specifications after heating at 300 A °C for 10 Hs were besides studied. The prepared PAGs have been taken as basic constituents for heat bearer oil composings. It was discovered that the specifications of PAGs such as viscousness indices, pour points, acerb figure and brassy points changed dramatically upon heat handling. In order to better the thermic stableness and viscousness indices, anti-oxidant and anti-foaming additives were added to the base stuff to make optimal composings. The obtained heat bearer oils showed comparable improved belongingss in comparing with commercially available heat bearers. Methodology This undertaking will be divided into 2 phases as listed below. Poly ( glycerol-diacid ) polymer will be prepared by utilizing different hydrocarbon concatenation length of diacids ( such as azelaic, succinic and adipic acid ) . The merchandises will be analysed in order to analyze their chemical and physical belongingss. Phase 1: Chemical reactions of glycerin with different hydrocarbon concatenation length of diacid compounds ( e.g. azelaic, succinic or adipic acid ) at different mole ratios, are carried out under N2. The mixtures were charged to a reaction vas equipped with distillment setup. The reaction merchandise is allowed to respond at the coveted temperature and clip. Acid value ( AV ) , hydroxyl value ( OHV ) and glycerin content will be measured to keep the reaction advancement. Optimization of the reaction parametric quantities will be studied by changing different reaction parametric quantities such as type and sum of diacid, reaction clip, temperature and force per unit area. The concluding merchandise will be washed, dried and characterised. Phase 2: The merchandises obtained will be analysed by utilizing both High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC ) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ( GC-MS ) . Other instrumentality such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( FT-IR ) , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( NMR ) and Gel Permeation Chromatography ( GPC ) will besides be utilised to further corroborate their molecular construction. Physical belongingss of the merchandises obtained such as viscousness, solubility, brassy point, fire point, denseness, specific gravitation, biodegradability, and oxidative stableness will be performed. Expected consequence: Polymers ensuing from the copolymerisation of glycerin with diacids of changing C concatenation length, molecular construction, and composing will be obtained. Structures holding more than two free acid functionalities at the end-terminals can happen merely after ramifying. As the clip of reaction returns, the viscousness increases which limits the interaction between the reactants and the turning polymers. The H2O solubilty of the oligomers decreases with increasing concatenation length of the diacid monomers of the diacid monomers used in fixing the oligomers. This glycerin based polymers are expected to possess broad scope of applications such as cosmetics and lubricators. How to cite Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Was Stalin free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Transformation Of Russia Successful? Essay, Research Paper Was Stalin # 8217 ; s transmutation of Russia successful? That depends on your definition of success. If success is nil more than to transport out and thrive with what you intended to make, than I believe that his transmutation of Russia was so a success. But success besides accounts for go oning prosperity, and how the success is achieved. While Stalin # 8217 ; s programs may hold been more successful than Lenin # 8217 ; s Russia or the Tsar # 8217 ; s Russia, the mass sums of decease and the eventual autumn of Russia, causes me to state that Stalin # 8217 ; s transmutation was non a success. Stalin # 8217 ; s economic policies had moderate, short-run success, his reign seemed more bossy than Marxist, and societal personal businesss in Russia were repressed. Under these three points I intend to turn out that Stalin # 8217 ; s transmutation of Russia was a failure. The focal point of Stalin # 8217 ; s economic system was on rapid industrialization. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Stalin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Russian industry, at the clip, was behind in coal and steel green goodss to non-industrial states such as France and were a long manner behind the major industrial powers of Britain, Germany and the USA. The heavy work load on mineworkers and mill workers and subsequently, the collectivization policy on agribusiness, caused enduring for most of the population. Workers had to confront accusals of sabotage if the green goods was non of high quality or if there were accidents. Kulaks were being arrested and executed, interrupting peasant morale ( and opposition. ) By 1937, good over 90 % of farming area had been collectivised to pay for major undertakings such as rail, roads and fiddling things such as the great statues of Stalin which began looking all over Russia. A foreign journalist radius of the impossible horror, # 8220 ; Mothers killed and ate their kids. Human flesh was sold at the market. Dead Equus caballuss were dug up and eaten. Bark and leather was ground up to do a kind of flour. The dearth which claimed their lives was wholly man-made. # 8221 ; This horror would possibly hold been lessened if the dozenss of nutrient that was non exported, had been redistributed back to the provincials. Stalin could claim that his economic policies were a success ; greater mechanization had increased grain end product to over 80 % higher than in 1913. On the other manus, so much farm animal had been slaughtered that the industry neer to the full recovered and the cost in human life and agony was tremendous. His economic policies hence, were more necessary in footings of fulfilling his ain political orientation than they were for his people, as more jobs were created because of them. Politicss had been likewise effected by major alteration. The strength of communism in his authorities, is nevertheless, questionable given that Stalin # 8217 ; s reign seemed more bossy than Marxist. This position is rather valid given all the grounds that supports this claim. He was, after all, a adult male who could take perfectly no unfavorable judgment and as a consequence, was responsible for the long period of panic, otherwise known as The Purges # 8217 ; . It all began with the blackwash of Sergey Kirov, on December 1 1934 by the assass in Leonid Nikolaev. The ground behind the blackwash was that Kirov had popular support from the people who wanted a replacing for Stalin. Resistance was strong following his mediocre success with his economic reforms. While he still had a group of alleged, Loyal Stalinists’ who shared in Stalin’s belief of panic against the peasantry, there was increasing resistance and unfavorable judgment from the work forces who one time supported Stalin in his rise to power. The blackwash of Kirov was merely the first of many purgings which would see 1000000s dead and many of the original Bolsheviks arrested, humiliated in show tests and executed behind closed doors. His purging besides targeted many extremely graded military functionaries, who as a consequence, were non at that place to take Russia in the Second World War. This of class, had a black consequence on Russia’s public presentation. Stalin in making so created greater jobs for his state. Stalin’s foreign po licy ( chiefly economic ends ) had black reverberations for the general population and therefore his attack to political affairs, once more, did more injury than good. Stalin felt that in order to form and regulation Russia under his government, societal activities needed to be controlled merely every bit much as economic and political life. Oppression was a major job in society during that period. Art and civilization were repressed to forestall unfavorable judgment of Stalin # 8217 ; s reign. Writers, creative persons and instrumentalists were expected to bring forth plants of pragmatism, lauding Soviet accomplishments. Those who did non, were persecuted. Even those that tried frequently fell foul of Stalin. During the yearss of Lenin, a cartoonist submitted humourous drawings that amused everyone, including Lenin and Trotsky. When Stalin came to power, he had them banned. He merely did non let any unfavorable judgment. Education, although compulsory and free, merely served to brainwash kids into idolizing Stalin # 8217 ; s leading and like everything, was besides closely watched by secret constabulary. Literacy nevertheless, did increase, as d id improved societal services. This is one of the lone societal reforms that did better the criterion of life in society. The Orthodox Church didn # 8217 ; t get away persecution either. Many churches were closed down during the 1930 # 8217 ; s. Marriages between Soviet citizens and aliens were besides outlawed. Hundreds of matrimonies, even 1s made before the jurisprudence took consequence, were tragically broken. This jurisprudence in consequence, caused jobs that were non antecedently at that place. Russia # 8217 ; s economic system was lessening because of the mass slaughter of farm animal and devastation of harvests. The Soviet authorities was in confusion from Stalin # 8217 ; s autarchy and his utmost paranoia. Artistic look was being suppressed and instruction filtered. Morale and patriotism that had been obtained through the revolution, was now lost. A state that during Lenin # 8217 ; s clip looked like it had a hope of prosperity, was now crumpling through Stalin # 8217 ; s fingers. Stalin # 8217 ; s efforts to transford Russia into a wealthier more powerful state had failed because of his highly rigorous policies. Russia was deceasing a slow and painful decease.

Humans Exhibit Monopolistic Behavior essays

Humans Exhibit Monopolistic Behavior essays Humans Exhibit Monopolistic Behaviors In economics we often see monopolistic behavior displayed by companies. Monopolies are defined as companies with exclusive control over the marketing of their product or service. A monopoly is generally the dominant firm, not necessarily the only firm in their corner of the market. The difference between monopolies and competitive firms is that a monopoly is able to influence the price of its good. Monopolies can be created if the company is the only seller of its goods or their are no close substitutes. They stay monopolies because their are many barriers to entry in the market for potential competitors. The barriers to entry would be that the resource is owned by one firm; the government allows the product to be patented or copyrighted; and the cost of the production of a good is the most efficient, therefore the cheapest for a single company. Like in firms there is usually a power struggle in families, but between siblings for attention by their parents. Generally, parents try to be fair in the attention distributed amongst their children, but there is usually one child who is able to dominate the attention. In most families the youngest child has an amazing control over their parents. They are constantly able to captivate their parents attention. It is very easy for this to happen because usually the youngest requires the most attention. They have more needs and are more dependent on their parents than the other siblings. The other children are in constant competition with the youngest for the attention. The youngest child in most families is able to dominate the attention from their parents. They create a monopoly over the attention from their parents. The older siblings are then closed out of the market with the lack of attention. The competition is very strong when the children are younger, but in the later years the older siblings accept the fact that it wi ...

USS Reprisal (CV-35) in World War II

USS Reprisal (CV-35) in World War II USS Reprisal (CV-35) - Overview: Nation:  United States Type:  Aircraft Carrier Shipyard:  New York Naval Shipyard Laid Down: July 1, 1944 Launched:  May 14, 1945 Commissioned: N/A Fate:  Sold for scrap, 1949 USS Reprisal (CV-35) - Specifications (planned): Displacement:  27,100 tons Length:  872 ft. Beam:  93 ft. (waterline) Draft:  28 ft., 5 in. Propulsion:  8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shafts Speed:  33 knots Complement: 2,600 men USS Reprisal (CV-35) - Armament (planned): 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft (planned): 90-100 aircraft USS Reprisal (CV-35) - A New Design: Developed in the 1920s and early 1930s, the US Navys  Lexington- and  Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were designed to meet the restrictions enacted by the  Washington Naval Treaty. This limited the tonnage of different types of warships as well as placed a ceiling on each signatory’s total tonnage. These limitations were expanded and refined by the 1930 London Naval Treaty. As the international situation deteriorated in the following years, Japan and Italy abandoned the treaty structure in 1936. With the implosion of the treaty system, the US Navy worked to design a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which pulled from the lessons learned from the  Yorktown-class. The resulting ship was wider and longer as well as incorporated a deck-edge elevator system. This technology had been employed earlier on  USS  Wasp  (CV-7). In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new class possessed a greatly enlarged anti-aircraft armament. Construction began on t he lead ship,  USS  Essex  (CV-9), on April 28, 1941. In the wake of the US entry into  World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the  Essex-class became the US Navys standard design for fleet carriers. The first four ships after  Essex adhered to the class original design. In early 1943, the US Navy made several alterations to enhance future ships. The most noticeable of these changes was the lengthening the bow to a clipper design which allowed for the inclusion of two quadruple 40 mm gun mounts. Other alterations included moving the combat information center below the armored deck, improved aviation fuel and ventilation systems, a second catapult on the flight deck, and an additional fire control director. Though referred to as the long-hull  Essex-class or  Ticonderoga-class by some, the US Navy made no distinction between these and the earlier  Essex-class ships. USS Reprisal (CV-35) - Construction: The initial vessel to begin construction with the revised  Essex-class design was USS  Hancock  (CV-14) which was later re-designated Ticonderoga.   A multitude of additional carriers followed including USS Reprisal (CV-35).   Laid down on July 1, 1944, work on Reprisal began at the New York Naval Shipyard.   Named for the brig USS Reprisal which saw service in the American Revolution, work on the new ship moved ahead into 1945.   As the spring wore on and the end of the war neared, it became increasing clear that the new ship would not be needed.   During the course of the war, the US Navy had ordered thirty-two Essex-class ships.   While six were eliminated before construction commenced, two, Reprisal and  USS Iwo Jima (CV-46), were canceled after work had begun.   On August 12, the US Navy formally halted work on Reprisal with the ship listed as 52.3% complete.   The following May, the hull was launched without fanfare in order to clear Dry Dock #6.   Towed to Bayonne, NJ, Reprisal remained there for two years until being moved to the Chesapeake Bay.   There it was used for a variety of explosive testing including assessing  bomb damage in magazines.   In January 1949, the US Navy inspected the hull with an eye towards completing the ship as an attack aircraft carrier.   These plans came to nothing and Reprisal was sold for scrap on August 2.          Selected Sources DANFS: USS Reprisal (CV-35)NavSource: USS Reprisal (CV-35)U-boat: USS Reprisal (CV-35)

Chapter 11, Who Owns History The Texas Textbook Controversy found in Essay

Chapter 11, Who Owns History The Texas Textbook Controversy found in Wheeler, Discovering the American Past, Volume II, 7th edition (pages 349-384) - Essay Example (Wheeler and Becker, Discovering the American Past, 354). It as necessitated an action to be taken by the Texas Board of Education in deciding what to give to the students and what to live out. It has brought such a heated debate amongst people from all fields. Many people are insisting that only few segments of history should be taught to the students. Therefore, it should include the role played by capitalist in the American economy and nation building, role played by military in their respective fields. In additions, roles played by Christians and their faith and the last should be the role played by republican figures. (Wheeler and Becker, Discovering the American Past, 361) If these changes are effected, it means that even the other states will be affected by the same. Texas as a state buys millions of books each and every year. They also make sure that their publications are of high standards, and this makes the other states willing their books. They also review their curriculu m once every ten years, in accordance with the Texas educational standards. The voting line, on what to be taught or not, will depend largely on the party lines; this is republicans and democrats. It is because individual parties believe there aspects that should be shown and others to be left out. There are those who think history in America has been diluted, while others believe that that history should just be re-written. It has, therefore, led to the creation of conservatives and liberals, who at the end of the day have different thoughts and opinions on American history (Wheeler and Becker, Discovering the American Past, 371). Conservatives are mostly outside Texas, and they are found in states such as California. Their argument is that, history should not be changed or re-written. It will in turn see their history books remain the same as before. Liberals, on the other hand,

The Issue of Masculinity in Short Stories Literature review

The Issue of Masculinity in Short Stories - Literature review Example As the paper outlines,  the issue of masculinity is a major subject in the three short stories. John Berger’s story ways of seeing tries to explain how women and men are viewed and perceived differently by society. During Berger’s time, the way women and men were represented culturally had extensive influence on their mutual perception, self, and conduct. In my view, the way Berger portrays the men and women is a true reflection of how they are viewed in the contemporary society where there is widespread gender discrimination, oppression of women by dominant men and objectification of women. As Berger aptly puts it, "men act – women appear"(72), men are judged by what they do or their action while women are always judged by their appearance. However, in contrast to the common notion that women are mere objects, they can be a source of inspiration as portrayed in â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† by Flannery O’Connor’s. Lucynell Crate r Offers Tom Shiftlet a chance to attain Grace. He had no friends, had been wandering but in the long run, Lucynell assists him to get a chance to work hard, get a household, live a quiet life and have an opportunity of watching the beautiful sunset. Although O’Connor’s story shows that women can influence men’s life, it is evident that sometimes men do not appreciate the assistance offered as proven by Shiftlet’s opinion on his marriage as he states, "that was just something a woman in an office did, nothing but paperwork and blood tests†(28). Although he had negative views of the marriage presided by a woman, it can be concluded that he was ultimately married legally to Lucynell’s daughter. My analysis of Tall Tales from the Mekong Delta by Kate Braverman show that society views women as people who can be influenced easily by men to engage in immorality. Braverman states, â€Å"The thrill of motorcycle rides and diamonds offered by Lenny h ad a great influence on her substance abuse†.

Gibbs reflective cycle

Gibbs reflective cycle Gibbs’ reflective cycle has 6 stages. They are usually given the following headings: 1. Description 2. Feelings 3. Evaluation 4. Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. Action Plan As part of my Overseas Nurse program, I am required to make a reflective essay. This essay is based on my experience in clinical placement in the Operating Theatre. The aim of this essay is to discuss my learnings about the importance of team briefing, principles of asepsis, and Surgical Handscrubbing, as well as experiences throughout my placement. I have come to select the Gibbs reflective framework for this for I feel that through this framework I can better express in a systematic manner the describe the incidents, feelings, and how I was able learn. Learning Outcome 1: Team Brief and WHO Surgical Safety Checklist In June 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) implemented a second Global Patient Safety Challenge, ‘Safe Surgery Saves Lives’, to reduce the incidence of surgical deaths across the entire world. The initiative was developed to strengthen and improve the commitment of clinical staff to address safety issues within the surgical setting. This included improving anaesthetic safety practices, ensuring correct site surgery, avoiding surgical site infections and improving communication and teamwork within the team. The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is a core set of safety checks, identified for improving performance at safety critical time points within the patient’s intraoperative care pathway. It is for use in any operating theatre environment, including interventional radiology with the expectation that it can be adapted to fit local practice. The three steps in the checklist (sign in, time out, sign out) are not intended as a tick box exercise, but as a tool to initiate meaningful and purposeful conversation between relevant members of the clinical team to improve the safety of surgery. According to the National Patient Safety Agency, NHS, there are five steps to safer surgeries. Namely Briefing, Sign in, Time out, Sign out and Debriefing. During my placement, I was assigned to circulate in theatre two. One of the five running theatres that our hospital has. The there was only one case. Patient Keiser (not the real name). 63 year old male consented for a Primary Total Knee replacement under general anesthesia using a Zimmer â€Å"NexGen† Knee system. I was nervous because it was a major case and I needed to be quick with my actions and be focused. I did my reading a day before so I had an idea of about the sequence of the operation. Before the patient was escorted to the theatre, the surgical team together with the anesthesia team had a team brief. In the briefing the patient details, laterality of site were confirmed as well as medication allergies, number of staff and availability of implants were all discussed. Everything went smoothly. The patient was then escorted to the anesthetic room and additional checks, verifications, and the sign in was done in the anesthetic room. The patient claimed that he had a nickel allergy and that he would get mild rashes when in contact with the metal property. The ODP (Operating Department Personnel) the person who is responsible for assisting the anesthetist and initiating the WHO Checklist was fully aware of this metal allergy as it was also reflected in the care plan and preassessment. The incident happened when the ODP and anesthetist failed to inform the scrub team about the specific allergy because they thought a nickel allergy had no significance. They were only conc erned with medication allergies. So they continued and put the patient to sleep with propofol and other anesthetic agents. The patient was then brought in the theatre with use of the trolley and placed safely on the Operating table. The scrub team on the other hand was almost done preparing the field and assembling equipment needed for the operation. When everything was ready. Being the circulating nurse, I then continued the WHO checklist and initiated the Time-out. The consent, patient verification and allergies were then reviewed but this time the ODP informed the team about the nickel allergy. The surgeon went ballistic! And ordered that the patient be woken up. There was a heated discussion between the surgeon and anesthetist and it they eventually had to wake the patient up. It was then explained to us by the surgeon that the System and implants to be used during the operation had a very small percentage of nickel present in its components which could cause a reaction if used to the patient. He was angry because it was the second time it happened to him and he did not want to go through all the paper works again. The patient was brought to recovery and woke up in a few minutes. The surgeon then explained the incident and unfortunately the operation was cancelled. The opened sterile instruments, supplies, and consumables were all put to waste. As I analyzed what happened, the mistake clearly rooted back to the team brief. There were vital information that the anesthetic team knew about the patient that was not shared to the scrub team because they did not see it as important. I personally think every allergy, be it medication, metal or objects should be taken into consideration. It was a major case and the team had to know everything relevant. I realized how important the team brief was. Often I would observe other teams not taking the team brief seriously. They would just breeze through it as if was just some unimportant routinely work. After the incident I learned a lot and the view I had on the team briefing and the importance of the WHO checklist drastically changed. It is a very important tool in ensuring a safe, effective and successful operation. I now plan to practice a thorough team brief as well as executing a proper WHO checklist. You never know, missing out on one important fact could mean a life of a patient. Learning Outcome 2: Principle of asepsis: Asepsis can be defined as the absence of pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease. It then can also be referred to as clean technique (Phillips, 2013). However, elimination of infection is the goal of asepsis, not sterility. (Ayliffe et al. 2000) suggest that there are two types of asepsis: medical and surgical asepsis. Medical or clean asepsis reduces the number of organisms and prevents their spread; surgical or sterile asepsis includes procedures to eliminatemicro-organismsfrom an area and is practised byhealth care workersand nurses in operating theaters and treatment areas. There are several principles of surgical asepsis. Although all are equally important, I have come to be more cautious and alert of specific principles more often than others. One principle I have chosen to share with is a principle stating that People who are sterile touches only sterile items or areas. (reference) It may seem as a very simple principle to follow but it could be at times difficult to imbed in our system. May it be a scrub role or circulating role this is one of the key things one should always keep in mind. I had one incident during placement relating to this. It happened during an early shift of a busy Friday. There were 52 operations to be done that morning. Everyone was on the go. For some time now I have been with an orthopedic team but this time I was assigned with my mentor to assist a list of over 6 cataract extractions with ocular lens implantation. She was to scrub and I was to assist with the circulating role. Coming into this list I had not assisted a cataract extraction in the last 4 years. My knowledge was very minimal although I knew the purpose and roughly the length of time needed to finish the procedure in general but I did not know much about the fine instruments needed, supplies and set up of the Centurion Vision. Everything was new to me and I felt much pressured to deliver and I was uncomfortable knowing I could make mistakes. As the operation began my mentor scrubbed in and she was too busy to guide me thoroughly at the moment. The surgeon and scrub started asking me to position the machine according to the surgeon’s preference. I was reprimanded for being slow and hesitant since the surgeon was ready to start. After finally connecting the plugs, foot pedals as well positioning the Centurion Machine above the patients head, the surgeon placed sterile plastic covers over each of the handles of the machine. These sterile plastic handles where used as a sterile field so that the surgeon can hold the machine. Like the principle states, only sterile people should touch sterile things and the other way around for unsterile. Already being reprimanded I was nervous that I would make another mistake and unfortunately I did. The surgeon wanted me to reposition the machine yet again to his preference but this time I unconsciously forgot my principles and touched the sterile handle and I compromised the sterility of the field. The surgeon requested for another sterile handle and the case was delayed. I felt very bad knowing that I knew the principle but still it just slipped my mind and I committed an error which compromised the operation someway. After the incident I knew what I needed to do and how to position the machine efficiently and quickly. I already knew the preferred position and supplies needed. I just needed to be more focused, less anxious and hesitant and be more confident this way I would not make mistakes of that degree. The first case finished and I was able to effectively circulate on the remaining cases with carefulness, confidence, focus and efficiency. Learning outcome 3: Surgical Hand scrubbing Microorganisms transfer from the hands of health care providers to patients; this is an Important factor with regard to health-care associated infections (i.e. nosocomial). Skin is a major source of microbial contamination in the surgical environment. Although the scrubbed members of the surgical team are wearing surgical gloves and gowns, their hands and forearms are to be cleaned preoperatively to significantly reduce the number of microorganisms (AORN 2006) According to the WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care, Surgical hand scrubbing is the surgical hand preparation with antimicrobial soap and water performed preoperatively by the surgical team to eliminate transient flora and reduce resident skin flora (2009, World Health Organization). There are two methods of scrub procedure. One is a numbered stroke method, in which a certain number of brush strokes are designated for each finger, palm, back of hand, and arm. The alternative method is the timed scrub, and each scrub should last from three to five minutes, depending on facility protocol (Deborah Gardener 2011). In the operating theatres there are three most probable routes of infection transmission between successive/sequential surgical patients are via the air, from instruments, or from environmental surfaces. Journal of Hospital Infection (2002) I have always felt and understood the importance of keeping our hands clean even since I was a little boy. This was a practice taught to me by my parents. As I studied nursing in my country I got to know more about it and how it was properly practised in the wards and theatre settings. During my placement I would always observe my mentor thoroughly before gowning and gloving. I knew the importance of this. She would use repetitive strokes on the hands and arms to further remove any microorganisms. She would be very meticulous and patient while stroking her hands and arms with soap and an antimicrobial agent but as Ive observed, along with most of the scrub nurses, together with my mentor did not use brushes when doing surgical hand scrubbing despite brushes being available just at the side of the scrubbing area. This made a big question mark in my head and I was really confused. I wanted to know why they didn’t bother to use the brushes. So I decided to research about it. There was a study that compared surgical hand scubbing with and without the use of brushes. Two groups were involved during this study. One group to scrub without a brush and another group to scrub with brushes. According to Life Science Journal 2014, the result showed that the group which used brushes had slightly higher bacterial counts, this could mean that brushes traumatize the skin creating an environment where bacteria thrived. Whereas using no scrub brush resulted in no skin damage and significantly lower bacterial count. (AORN journal, 2004. 79: p. 225-30). Based on this research, I was amazed on how the United Kingdom healthcare setting applied evidence based practice. I applied this research findings to how I scrub. I learned more about because of research and from that moment on I have been scrubbing without using a brush. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the second to third most common site of health care associated infections. When providing health services, it is es sential to prevent the transmission of infections at all times. (Engender Health 2001). I applied this research findings to how I scrub. I learned more about because of research and from that moment on I have been scrubbing without using a surgical brush.

John Locke and the Un-Equal Distribution of Wealth Essay

It is stated by John Locke that in the state of nature no man may take more then he can consume. â€Å"? make use of any advantage of life before it spoils? whatever is beyond this is more than his share and belongs to others. Nothing was made by God for man to spoil or destroy. (Locke 14)† Locke then goes on to say, â€Å"God gave the world to man ? for their benefit and the greatest conveniences of life they were capable to draw from it, it cannot be supposed he meant it should always remain common and uncultivated. He gave it to the use of the industrious and rational- and labor was to be his title? (Lock 15)† Both of statements can stand alone, each could be argued. For starters, it is not only selfish to take more then you ever will be able to use, it is just stupid, and if you make it with your sweat, why shouldn’t it be yours to keep or profit from. The only problem is, that one of these statements is the head of a starving serpent, and the other its delicious tale. It is hard to believe the head could stay alive without devouring the tale. We should start this argument at the head and work our way down. If John Locke were alive today he would be a lawyer. Not just any lawyer though, a big business lawyer working for a company like Enron. He would try to justify the destruction caused by overly rich, overly powerful people, with statements such as ones that will follow. When first reading Locke you might think, † Hey, this guy sounds like a lawyer. † but soon you would realize, lawyers sound like this guy. Because anyone claiming God is a capitalist with a straight face has to be a bit slippery. Which brings us to the head of the serpent. In Locke’s opinion the idea of fair unequal distribution of wealth came about with the creation of money. Before money, things could not be saved fairly. Over stocking by some would lead to spoilage, and leave others with nothing. Once money was introduced though, this allowed the accumulation of wealth, without waste, so Locke says â€Å"? thus came in the use of money- some lasting thing that men might keep without spoiling, and that by mutual consent men would take in exchange for the truly useful but perishable supports of life. (Locke 20). † Now one man could have, † ? a disproportionate and unequal possession of the earth? (And) ? fairly possess more land than he himself can use the product of? (Locke 22)†. The word â€Å"fairly† in that last statement should jump off the page. When speaking on the state of nature Locke’s main concern is spoilage or waste of commodities, but with the introduction of money he sees this problem solved. When in fact a floodgate for spoilage and waste is opened. Today the market is flooded with products, and products supposed to be better then the other product, the leading brand, and the other leading brand. Combine this with the introduction of digital property such as television and the Internet, all other forms of mass media marketing, and we have a whole new concept of hoarding and spoilage. Today we have companies taking up more then their â€Å"fair† share of the world, and practically forcing their goods down our throats. It’s not that we need or actually think Doritos are the best. It is just the fact that they are practically spilling off the shelves of every single store across the globe, and if they were actually made from biodegradable ingredients, they would spoil by the boatload. Just because these companies’ do not let the products go to waste in their possession, does not mean that they are not fully aware that a large portion of everything produce will end up in the garbage. Then we have to think of the environment, Martha Stewart, and wars over oil. Is it not waste and spoilage when a one hundred pound woman drives her six-ton S.U. V to K-Mart for yet another useless ceramic kitten, while someone’s family member is pumped full of shrapnel while trying to secure her next tank full over seas? All the while burning enough fuel to heat a small home, as she passes by a man without one. The God sent industrious producers of this vehicle is to blame. They know what is at stake, and what is to gain. But more importantly, they know what to waste and just how to waste it. How could they be wrong, â€Å"He gave it to the use of the industrious and rational? â€Å"? Didn’t He?